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求高中5本化学书上的方程式

发布网友 发布时间:2024-10-18 05:52

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热心网友 时间:5分钟前

一、非金属单质(F2,Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si,H)

1、氧化性:
F2+H2===2HF (阴暗处爆炸)
F2+Xe(过量)==XeF2
2F2(过量)+Xe==XeF4 (XeF4是强氧化剂,能将Mn2+氧化为MnO4–)
nF2+2M===2MFn(M表示大部分金属)
2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2 (水是还原剂)
2F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2O
F2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2
F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2
F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2
7F2(过量)+I2===2IF7
F2+Cl2(等体积)===2ClF (ClF属于类卤素:ClF+H2O==HF+HClO )
3F2(过量)+Cl2===2ClF3 (ClF3+3H2O==3HF+HClO3 )
Cl2+H2 2HCl (将H2在Cl2点燃;混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸)
3Cl2+2P 2PCl3 Cl2+PCl3 PCl5 Cl2+2Na 2NaCl
3Cl2+2Fe 2FeCl3 Cl2+Cu CuCl2
Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3 (在水溶液中:Cl2+2Fe2+===2Fe3++3Cl )
Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2 Cl2+2Br =2Cl +Br2
Cl2+2KI===2KCl+I2 Cl2+2I =2Cl +I2
3Cl2(过量)+2KI+3H2O===6HCl+KIO3
3Cl2+I–+3H2O=6H++6Cl–+IO3–
5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl
5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl–+IO3–+12H+
Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S↓ Cl2+S2–=2Cl–+S↓
Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S↓ (水溶液中:Cl2+H2S=2H++2Cl–+S↓
Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl
Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Cl–
Cl2+H2O2===2HCl+O2 Cl2+H2O2=2H++Cl–+O2
2O2+3Fe Fe3O4 O2+K===KO2
S+H2 H2S 2S+C CS2 S+Zn ZnS
S+Fe FeS (既能由单质制取,又能由离子制取)
S+2Cu Cu2S (只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取)
3S+2Al Al2S3 (只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取)
N2+3H2 2NH3 N2+3Mg Mg3N2 N2+3Ca Ca3N2
N2+3Ba Ba3N2 N2+6Na 2Na3N N2+6K 2K3N
N2+6Rb 2Rb3N N2+2Al 2AlN
P4+6H2 4PH3 P+3Na Na3P 2P+3Zn Zn3P2
H2+2Li 2LiH

2、还原性
S+O2 SO2
S+H2SO4(浓) 3SO2↑+2H2O
S+6HNO3(浓) H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O
S+4H++6==6NO2↑+2H2O+
3S+4HNO3(稀) 3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O
3S+4H++4 3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O
N2+O2 2NO
4P+5O2 P4O10(常写成P2O5)
2P+3X2 2PX3(X表示F2,Cl2,Br2)
PX3+X2 PX5
P4+20HNO3(浓) 4H3PO4+20NO2↑+4H2O
C+2F2 CF4
C+2Cl2 CCl4
C+O2(足量) CO2
2C+O2(少量) 2CO
C+CO2 2CO
C+H2O CO+H2(生成水煤气)
2C+SiO2 Si+2CO(制得粗硅)
Si(粗)+2Cl2 SiCl4
(SiCl4+2H2===Si(纯)+4HCl)
Si(粉)+O2 SiO2
Si+C SiC(金刚砂)
Si+2NaOH+H2O==Na2SiO3+2H2↑ (Si+2OH +H2O= +2H2↑)

3、歧化反应
Cl2+H2O==HCl+HClO(加碱或光照促进歧化: (Cl2+H2O H++Cl–+HClO)
Cl2+2NaOH==NaCl+NaClO+H2O (Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)
Cl2+2Ca(OH)2==CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O (Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)
3Cl2+6KOH(浓) 5KCl+KClO3+3H2O (3Cl2+6OH– 5Cl–+ClO3–+3H2O)
3S+6NaOH 2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O (3S+6OH– 2S2–+SO32–+3H2O)
4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O==PH3↑+3KH2PO2 (4P+3OH–+3H2O==PH3↑+3H2PO2–)
11P+15CuSO4+24H2O==5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4
3C+CaO CaC2+CO↑
3C+SiO2 SiC+2CO↑
二.金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu)的还原性
2Na+H2 2NaH 4Na+O2==2Na2O 2Na2O+O2 2Na2O2
2Na+O2 Na2O2 2Na+S==Na2S(爆炸)
2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2↑ 2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH―+H2↑
2Na+2NH3==2NaNH2+H2↑ 2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH2―+H2↑
4Na+TiCl4 4NaCl+Ti Mg+Cl2 MgCl2 Mg+Br2 MgBr2
2Mg+O2 2MgO Mg+S MgS
2Cu+S Cu2S (Cu2S只能由单质制备)
Mg+2H2O Mg(OH)2+H2↑
2Mg+TiCl4 Ti+2MgCl2 Mg+2RbCl MgCl2+2Rb
2Mg+CO2 2MgO+C 2Mg+SiO2 2MgO+Si
Mg+H2S==MgS+H2
Mg+H2SO4==MgSO4+H2↑ (Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2↑)
2Al+3Cl2 2AlCl3
4Al+3O2===2Al2O3 (常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化,在氧气中燃烧)
4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg(铝汞齐)
4Al+3MnO2 2Al2O3+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O3 Al2O3+2Cr (铝热反应)
2Al+Fe2O3 Al2O3+2Fe 2Al+3FeO Al2O3+3Fe
2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑
2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑
2Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O (Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)
Al+4HNO3(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O Al+4H++NO3–=Al3++NO↑+2H2O
2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2↑ 2Al+2OH–+2H2O=2AlO2–+3H2↑
2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3 3Fe+2O2 Fe3O4 2Fe+O2 2FeO (炼钢过程)
Fe+I2 FeI2
Fe+S FeS (FeS既能由单质制备,又能由离子制备)
3Fe+4H2O(g) Fe3O4+4H2↑
Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2↑ Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2↑
Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu Fe+Cu2+=Fe2++Cu↓
Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn↓ Fe+Sn2+=Fe2++Sn↓

三.非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3) 金属氢化物(NaH)
1、还原性:
4HCl(浓)+MnO2 MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O
4H++2Cl–+MnO2 Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2O
4HCl(浓)+PbO2 PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O
4H++2Cl–+PbO2 Pb2++Cl2↑+2H2O
4HCl(g)+O2 2Cl2+2H2O
16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O
16 H++10Cl-+2MnO4–=2Mn2++5Cl2↑+8H2O
6HCl+KClO3==KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O
6H++5Cl–+ClO3–=3Cl2↑+3H2O
14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2O
14H++6Cl–+Cr2O72–=2Cr3++5Cl2↑+7H2O
2H2O+2F2===4HF+O2
2HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2 (F2气与HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)
2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2 (Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)
2H2S+3O2(足量) 2SO2+2H2O 2H2S+O2(少量) 2S↓+2H2O
2H2S+SO2===3S↓+2H2O H2S+H2SO4(浓)===S↓+SO2↑+2H2O
3H2S+2HNO3(稀)===3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O
3H2S+2H++2NO3–=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O
5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S↓+8H2O
5H2S+2MnO4–+6H+=2Mn2++5S↓+8H2O
3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S↓+7H2O
3H2S+Cr2O72–+8H+===2Cr3++3S↓+7H2O
H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH
H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na++ +
2NH3+3CuO 3Cu+N2+3H2O
2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl 8NH3+3Cl2===N(3)高能燃料电池:
H2—O2(NaOH)
Pt极(-) 2H2+4 –4e-==4H2O (氧化反应)
Pt极(+) O2+2H2O+4e-==4 (还原反应)
化学方程式 2H2+O2==2H2O
CH4—O2(NaOH)
Pt极(-) CH4+10 –8e-== +7H2O (氧化反应)
Pt极(+) 2O2+4H2O+8e-==8 (还原反应)
化学方程式 CH4+2O2+2NaOH==Na2CO3+3H2O
十三、热化学方程式
C(s)+1/2O2(g)==CO(g); △H=-393.5kJ/mol
C(s)+O2(g)==CO2(g); △H=-110.5kJ/mol
CO(g)+1/2O2(g)==CO2(g);△H=-283.0kJ/mol
H2(g)+1/2O2(g)==H2O(g);△H=-241.8kJ/mol
H2(g)+1/2O2(g)==H2O(l);△H=-285.8kJ/mol
2H2(g)+O2(g)==2H2O(g);△H=-483.6kJ/mol
2H2(g)+O2(g)==2H2O(l);△H=-571.6kJ/mol
CH4(g)+2O2(g)==CO2(g)+2H2O(l);△H=-0.3kJ/mol
C8H18(l)+12.5O2(g)==8CO2(g)+9H2O(l);△H=-5518kJ/mol
C6H12O6(s)+6O2(g)==6CO2(g)+6H2O(l);△H=-2800kJ/mol
N2H4(g)+O2(g)==N2(g)+2H2O(g);△H=-534kJ/mol
S(s)+O2(g)==SO2(g); △H=-297kJ/mol
FeS2(s)+11/4O2(g)==1/2Fe2O3(s)+2SO2(g);△H=-853kJ/mol
SO2(s)+1/2O2(g)==SO3(g);△H=-98.3kJ/mol
SO3(g)+H2O(l)==H2SO4(l);△H=-130.8kJ/mol
H2(g)+Cl2(g)==2HCl(g);△H=-184.6kJ/mol
C(s)+H2O(g)==H2(g)+CO2(g);△H=+131.5kJ/mol
3H2(g)+N2(g)==2NH3(g);△H=-92.2kJ/mol
2O2(g)+N2(g)==2NO2(g);△H=+68kJ/mol
O2(g)+N2(g)==2NO(g);△H= -kJ/mol
O2(g)+2NO(g)==2NO2(g);△H= -kJ/mol
2NO2(g)==N2O4(g);△H= -kJ/mol
Cu(s)+1/2O2(g)==CuO(s);△H=-157kJ/mol
CaCO3(s)+==CaO(s)+CO2(g);△H=+1777kJ/mol
C(石墨) + O2(g) === CO2(g); △H = -393.51kJ •mol-1
C(金刚石) + O2(g) === CO2(g); △H = -395.41kJ •mol-1
C(石墨) ===C(金刚石); △H = +1.9kJ •mol-1
NaOH(aq)+HCl(aq)=NaCl(aq)+H2O(l);△H=-57.3kJ/mol
KOH(aq)+HNO3(aq)=NaNO3(aq)+H2O(l);△H=-57.3kJ/mol
NaOH(aq)+1/2H2SO4(aq)=1/2Na2SO4(aq)+H2O(l);△H=-57.3kJ/mol

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