1. 名词: 主要是查名词单复数形式的误用, 可数名词与不可数名词的错误, 名词所有格中“s”的误置 与其修饰语是否一致。 eg: 1) I have many hobby, such as football, sing, listen music. Hobby是可数名词,在这要用复数形式;playing football是一项运动,football只是一种球; sing和listen to 要用动名词形式。 2) Do exercises do good to our healthy. exercise作运动讲是不可数名词,do exercise作主语要用动名词形式,谓动用单数;healthy是形容词, 这里要用名词形式。 3) Reading books is one of my hobby. one of 后的名词应用复数形式。 2. 动词: 动词错误在短文改错中所占比重最大,它所涉及的错误 包括 动词的时态、语态错误; 易混动词的用法错误; 动 词的第三人称单数错误 动词的非谓语形式, 以及动词的句型搭配错误等。 在改错题中,动词方面的考查比例较大。 1) 动词的时态、语态错误 a. I will write again and send you the photos we take together. take photos动作发生在过去,应用过去时. b. The book you borrowed from the library should returned in five days. 根据本句意义,should后应加上been,构成被动语态。 c. In school, I often playing football for my friends. playing改为 play; for 改为with 2) 易混动词使用错误 a. I persuaded him to stop smoking, but he didn’t listen. persuade 意为“说服”,强调成功的结果,而根据下句 he didn’t listen可知,劝说并没有成功,故应改persuaded为 advised. b. You please rise your hands. rise是不及物动词,而raise是及物动词,所以举手应用 raise your hands.这属于及物动词与不及物动词的误用。 3) 非谓语动词使用错误 a. We are looking forward to see you on the birthday party. look forward to 中的to是介词,应加动名词,将see改为seeing. b. I’m sorry I keep you wait for a long time .I got caught in the traffic. 在任何情况下keep均和doing连用,如keep doing sth.; keep sb. (sth).doing sth. ;keep …from doing… 等. c. I’d like to your pen friend, and get to know more about your country. to后加be。因其后是名词,而不是动词原形,不能直接用to. 3. 冠词: 英语中只有三个冠词a, an, the ,但用起来却很复杂,在短文改 错中,错误不外乎该用冠词时没有用,不该用时却用了;该用an用了a,该用a(n)却用了the. 4,介词: 这类错误多指漏掉介词、多用介词或介词与其他词语搭配错误等。 介词惯用词组等是否正确。 1) I am writing to thank you with your kind help. thank sb. for sth.为固定搭配,故应将with 改为for. 2) …I’m the happiest in all. 此句想表达的意思是“我是所有人中最高兴的”。故应将in改为 of. 1) I meant to write letter and tell you all the things… letter为可数名词,故write后应加a. 2) I like playing the football. 去the 3) He is a honest boy. a改为an 3) Under the help of my father, I … under 改为 with 4) He went to Beijing in next Sunday. in 改为on 5, 形容词、副词: 形容词、副词的误用主要指在形容词、副词用错地方(形容词应该修饰名词,副词修饰副词、形容词、动词);误用形容词或副词的原级、比较级和最高级。改错行中出现形容词或副词时就要仔细分析该形容词或副词修饰什么,形式是否正确,是原级、比较级还是最高级。 形容词、副词误用也是常考的改错项目之一。 6,连词: 短文改错中出现连词就要判断连词用的是否正确,是否 符合句子意思;连接的是词还是句子,是否符合逻辑关系。此外如果是平行结构就要注意前后时态、语态、词性一致问题 平行结构常借助与并列连词and , or , but , not only…but also…, …not…but…, either…or…, neither …nor…, as well as等。 1) As it has been raining these days, so we have decided to put off our sports meeting. 由于前句有As引导原因状语从句,因此后句不能再用so,故应把so 去掉。 2) The population is growing, but the earth must support too many people. 根据上下文意思判断,前后两个并列分句不存在意义上的折, 所以but应改为and或so.这是典型的并列连词误用。 1) I had not interest in English .interest是名词,应用形容词no来修饰,而not是副词,副词不能修饰名 2) These are the happier girls I’ve ever seen.(NMET2007) 此处有I’ve ever seen限定,应用最高级,故happier应改为 happiest. 3) You can borrow a book very easy. easy 改为easily. 4) These books are very worth reading. 用well 修饰 though不与but连用,because不与so连用等。 7, 代词:对于短文中出现的每一个代词都要查一下它所指代的内容及在句中的作用,注意其数、格、词性是否正确和前后是否一致,常考的代词包括人称代词、指示代词、反身代词、关系代词及疑问代词等。 8,词语固定搭配: 主要考查介词与动词、名词、形容词的固定搭配;副词、动词的固定搭配;及物动词后多介词或副词以及不及物动词后少介词,英语中的一些固定句型与习惯搭配等。
(二) 句法的测试: 1主谓语在数上的一致;
I hope everything are ok with you. are 改为is 2名词性从句;
1) My teacher advised me to keep my diary. keep a diary是固定搭配,意思是“写日记”. 2) In my surprise, he did very well in his previous job. To one’s surprise 是固定搭配 3) I thought that was dull to watch a game…(NMET2005) 此题考查it的功能,It + be + adj. + to do为固定结构。 4) …the activities are not only enjoyable and also helpful.解析: not only… but also…为固定结构,故将and 改为but. 5) I have no difficulty learn maths. have difficulty (in) doing sth.为固定结构 6) He spends too much time play games. spend some time (in) doing sth.为固定结构 1).He drove too fast, and the police stopped her. 前面提到的是he而后面却用her来代,故应将her改为him. 2).This is the best film which I have ever seen. 先行词前有最高级修饰应用关系代词that 而不是which。 A man came up to him and asked that he needed. that是连词,在从句中无任何意义,而后面的宾语从句缺宾语,用what引导宾语从句作宾语从句的宾语。
3定语从句;
This would save the life of many animals, some of then have almost died out. them改为 which
4强调句型;It is/was +被强调的部分+that/who… It was in 1949 when he joined the army. when改为that 5句子结构的连贯性、完整性、对等性及逻辑性。 (三)语篇的测试 语篇的测试包括: 1上下文中的时态是否一致; 2上下文中的代词是否一致; 3上下文中的逻辑是否一致;
4上下文中的词、词组、从句的替代是否正确。 四、注意问题:
短文改错时改“错”,而不是把文中的表达法改成另外的表达形式。很多考生对这个概念比较模糊。把原文中并没有错的形式改成了自己认可的另外一种形式,虽然改后的表达法也是对的,但这样做偏离了这类题型的答题要求,因而也不能得分。
二、解题技巧 要想做好“短文改错”题,不妨试试分成“四步走”,遵循“四原则”,实施“四查法”。具体做法如下: (一) 分成“四步走” 1. 通读全文,了解大意。注意语篇结构和行文逻辑。不能在不了解文章大意的情况下,逐字逐行地进行修改。
2. 先易后难,缩小范围。在通读全文的过程中,可以先把文中明显的错误找出来改正,然后再根据具体语境,仔细分析判断,将注意力集中在较难的句子上。
3. 把握句意,逐行判断。可依据“动词形,名词数,注意形和副;非谓动词细辨别,习惯用法要记住;句
子结构多分析,逻辑错误须关注”的口诀行事。
4. 再次通读,复查验证。把大部分错误改正之后,如果还有拿不准的地方,就应再次通读全文,并利用语感来做最后的判断。 (二) 遵循“三原则” 1. 实词以改变词形为原则。在“短文改错”题中,一般只是改变实词的形式,而不能改变实词的词义,也不能将其改换成另一个实词,更不能随便增删。例如:
① The air keeps the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon ... (把keeps改为keeping)
② Yes, it is clearly that your life in your country is quite different from ... (把clearly改为clear) 2. 虚词以添加或删除为原则。历年的“短文改错”题中需要添加或删除的地方至少一处。这些需要添、删的词一般都是虚词(如冠词、介词等),不是实词(如动词、名词等),否则会改变句子的原意。例如: ① They did not want breakfast because that they were going out early ... (删去that)
② He was looking for a glass the cupboard. (the前面加in)
3. 以保持句子原意不变为原则。做“短文改错”题时,一般不应改变句子原意。改错时,应该针对短文中的用词错误、语法错误、逻辑错误加以改正,不应更改作者的原意。做到换词不改意,加词不增意,去词不减意。如有多种改法,应以保持原意为条件,择其佳者而从之。例如:
But I have spent most my money, so I cannot… 改正:在my前加of。也有同学去掉most,这种改法虽改正了语法错误,但改变了原意。作者想说的是“花掉了大部分的钱,而不是全部”。
(三) 实施“四查法” 1. 左顾右盼查名词。考生应注意搜寻名词之前及其本身出现的错误,还要看该名词前面是否缺限定词、该用何种限定词,尤其要查名词前冠词的使用情况。当名词前面有形容词修饰时更要加倍注意。例如: Your knowledges of Greece can help the whole class. (把knowledges改为knowledge)
2.“语(态)”、“时(态)”俱进查动词。考生应认真分析动词时态、语态的使用是否正确,尤其要根据上下文所提供的时间信息,仔细推敲,从而选用正确的动词时态形式。例如:
(2006天津) I gained so much confidence that I go back to school ... (把go改为went)
3. 启承转合查连词。若要使文章结构严谨,应在文中使用各种启承转合的连词。这些连词能使文章在结构上和意义上通顺流畅。例如:
The bridge started to rise higher. So it was still too close to the water. (把So改为But)
4. 文通理顺查逻辑。“文通”指行文合乎英文词法、句法;“理顺”指行文逻辑符合人们普遍认可的道理。例如: (NMET 2006) The air keeping the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon was coming up. (把第二个up改为down)
总之,要想做好“短文改错”题,除了掌握上面讲的原则、做法、步骤之外,平时还要加强语言基础知识的学习,多做有针对性的训练。
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